• Epistemological shifts and methodological debates in psychology: a move from positing Wundtian/behaviorist foundations toward cognitively informed perspectives, via intervening variables, analytic-arbitrary critiques, and retrospective theory review. [5] [8] [6] [19] [10]

• Global diffusion and modernization of psychology: critiques of Western-centric science and exploration of psychology's adaptation in non-Western contexts (China, Philippines) and debates on development. [2] [7] [12] [13] [14]

• Professionalization, marketization, and institutionalization of psychology, tracing the rise of corporations, graduate training, employment prospects, and professional recognition for women and practitioners. [11] [16] [18] [15] [13]

• Historical narratives foreground key figures and institutions shaping psychology's identity—Albert Watson case history, Tolman’s intervening variable, Watson’s reception, and corporate origins. [1] [8] [9] [11] [4]

• Sociocultural relevance and development: psychology's role in Third World development, national development debates, and cross-cultural applicability and policy impact. [13] [14] [2] [7] [12]